Concepts.for.GATE

Landing nipple : It is a  completion  component fabricated as a short section of heavy wall pipe. It is fitted in between two tubing joints.  Landing nipples are included in most completions at predetermined intervals to enable the installation of flow-control devices, such as plugs and chokes. It has machined internal polished surface that provides a  seal  area and a locking profile to fit valves or plug inside tubing.  For locking profile, it has different arrangements. (See images) Three basic types of landing  nipple are commonly used in industry:  1) No-go nipples,  2) Selective-landing nipples and  3) Ported or safety-valve nipples. No  go landing nipple :  As name suggests, plugs or completion equipments can not completely go or pass through it. It has restricted part in its design, which will not allow most of competition equipements through it. so. this is nipple that incorporates at least one reduced diamet...

(i) Total porosity : Total porosity is defined as the fraction of the bulk rock volume V that is not occupied by solid matter.  (ii) Connected porosity: The ratio of the connected pore volume to the total volume.  (iii) Effective porosity: The same as the connected porosity.  (iv) Primary porosity: The porosity of the rock resulting from its original depositional structure.  (v) Secondary porosity: The porosity resulting from diagenesis.  (vi) Microporosity: The porosity resident in small pores (< 2 mm) commonly associated with detrital  and authigenic clays.  (vii) Intergranular porosity: The porosity due to pore volume between the rock grains.  (viii) Intragranular porosity: The porosity due to voids within the rock grains.  (ix) Dissolution porosity: The porosity resulting from dissolution of rock grains.  (x) Fracture porosity: The porosity resulting from fractures in the rock at all scales.  (xi) Intercrystal porosity: ...

Subsea Xmas tree After completion and testing of production well, what will we require ? A controlled oil flow rate, that is what we require. And for control rate, we have to control drawdown pressure. ( Drawdown pressure is pressure difference between average reservoir pressure and flowing bottom hole pressure. ) In drawdown term, we can not control average reservoir pressure from surface equipments, so we have to control flowing bottom hole pressure everytime after production starts.  And second thing, after completion of well, we will not encounter new horizon or new pressure conditions which can lead to kick or blowout. So we will not required Blow out preventer any more (mostly). So, We uninstall BOPs and make well flow with equipment which can control flow rate by controlling flowing bottom hole pressure along with providing conduit path for fluid to flow from tubing bottom to surface. Sometimes, we convert production well into injection well or we have to inject gas or oth...

Velocity formulas for P and S waves For gravity survey    Click on icons to follow Us.